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Unit 24 the –ing form
The -ing form can be used as a noun (in this case it is also called a gerund). Marketing requires careful planning.
It can also be part of a noun phrase. Combining two financial groups successfully is always a difficult task. (BusinessWeek Online website)
-ing form as an adjective B
The -ing form can be used like an adjective, before a noun. My working day starts at nine and finishes around six thirty.
-ing form after prepositions C
We use the -ing form after prepositions. Wal-Mart became successful by selling high volumes at low prices. We never launch a new product without doing extensive market research.
We use to + infinitive to explain why we do something (this is called 'the infinitive of purpose'): We're doing this to reduce costs. But we use to + -ing when to is a preposition: Outdoor posters are an alternative to using expensive TV advertisements.
Some verbs have to used as a preposition. Examples include: look forward to, object to, be used to, get used to, prefer ..... to ...... , respond to. I'm looking forward to seeing you next week. I'm not used to having such a short lunch break.
-ing form used to begin a clause D
An -ing clause can give more information about a noun. Very few farms are in a position to benefit from the EU market. Look at Poland, where there are two million farms employing over a quarter of the population, to see the problem at its worst. (Business Central Europe website)
An -ing clause can give the reason for an action in the past. / went over to him, thinking he was the manager, but he said he was a sales assistant. (= because I thought he was the manager) The negative is formed with not. Not being used to the company culture, I found it hard to fit in.
An -ing clause can describe a background situation for another action. Walking into work this morning I met Celia who used to work in Personnel.(= as I was walking into work)
The negative is formed with not.
I started the job not knowing what to expect.
industry.(=to develop and improve something) PRACTICE THE ING-FORM
Exercise 1 (A, B) Match the beginnings of sentences 1-8 with their endings a)-h).
1 Manufacturing in the UK has been a) manufacturing sector. 2 In the UK, the service sector is now b) is now almost completely automated, much more important than the c) manufacturing. 3 In the UK, services are now much d) in decline for many years, more important than e) need a lot of investment. 4 Our manufacturing process f) concentrated in the Katowice area. 5 We're going to invest heavily g) in manufacturing over the next few years. 6 Car manufacturing in Poland is h) lot of investment. 7 Developing and promoting Poland's manufacturing base will 8 Developing manufacturing in Poland will need
Exercise 2 (A,B) For each sentence in exercise 1 above, decide if the word manufacturing is a noun or an adjective.
Noun: ..... Adjective: .....
Exercise 3 (B) Complete the sentences with adjectives formed from the verbs in the list below in their -ing form. tire welcome confuse last interest wear cut shop sell meet
1 It's been a very ..... day, I need a drink to help me relax. 2 There's a ..... point in front of the ticket office. I'll see you there at six. 3 They're building a new ..... centre by the motorway exit. 4 Her presentation was very ..... , although perhaps a little ..... for who were new to the subject. 5 This carpet is very hard - ..... , and so it will be very long - ..... . 6 The new reception area should be ..... , not cold and formal like before.
Department.(=to stop a business or an organization) 7 This is ..... - edge technology, you won't find it anywhere else in Europe. 8 Its design is one of its strongest ..... points.
Exercise 4 (C) Underline the correct words.
1 Thanks for calling, and I look forward to meeting/meet you at the conference. 2 Thanks for calling, and I hope to meeting /meet you at the conference. 3 I'm expecting to taking/take the train to work when I move into the new house. 4 I don't object to taking/take the train, but I prefer coming to work by car. 5 I can help you with your spreadsheet, I'm used to working/work with Excel. 6 When I was in my twenties I used to working/work as a sales consultant.
Exercise 5 (C) Complete each sentence by choosing a preposition from list A followed by an - ing form from list B. A: after without by of before instead of B: leaving using being going increasing taking over
1 ..... ..... university I worked in IT recruitment for a while. 2 I was aware ..... very nervous at the start of my presentation. 3 Vodafone grew ..... local operators. 4 ..... on, I'd just like to look at this graph in a little more detail. 5 If it's urgent I could take it there myself ..... a courier. 6 The Fed is hoping to reduce inflation ..... interest rates.
Exercise 6 (D) Cross out two unnecessary words in each sentence.
1 A lot of the firms which are developing Bluetooth are based in Cambridge. 2 The woman who is replacing Kay Walker used to work at Saachi. 3 The thing that is worrying me most is the fluctuation in oil prices. 4 The visitors who are coming this afternoon are a Japanese Trade Delegation.
Exercise 7 (D)
Match the beginnings of sentences 1-6 with the most appropriate ending a)-f).
1 Speaking to Mike, a) he gave his credit card to the waiter. 2 So, concluding my presentation, b) I realised that the situation was hopeless
During the recession a lot of business had to cut back.(=to reduce the amount of money that you spend, or the amount of something that you use) 4 Of course I didn't say anything, d) not regretting my actions for one moment. 5 I just took it all for granted, e) not wishing to offend him. 6 I resigned the next week, f) not appreciating the work that was involved.
Exercise 8 (D) Rewrite the underlined part of each sentence using an -ing clause. Note that in some examples there is a negative form.
1 I got to the airport at ten because I expected the flight to arrive on time. I got to the airport at ten , ..... . 2 I didn't understand the language so I found it hard to get around on my own. ..... , found it hard to get around on my own. 3 I invested £5,000 in a China fund because I hoped that the market would go up. I invested £5,000 in a China fund, ..... . 4 As I wasn't an experienced negotiator I think I made too many concessions. ..... , I think I made too many concessions. 5 I assumed she wouldn't mind so I asked her about her annual salary. ..... , I asked her about her annual salary. 6 I said yes because I didn't know it would create so many problems. I said yes, ..... .
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